Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding Violence Between Police and Citiz

Thesis Statement: police discretion is the framework for promoting justice in police-citizen interactions in the traffic sector. 　　　　Police officers face a myriad of challenges in their line of duty. Most cases necessitate sound decisions to settle disputes amicably. When they apply discretion in an incoherent manner, they may end up abusing human rights. Therefore, they apply it when dealing with legal sanctions such as making arrests, giving out a ticket and stopping the offending party. Miller, Blackler and Alexandra (2006) state "police are specialized role players who preserve order and enforce the law" (p. 11). Sometimes, vagueness results when communities fail to engage in a consensus to streamline the issues that constitute criminal behavior law. Communities and legislatures trust the police officers' capacity to exercise discretion. 　　　　The Ride and Purpose of the Paper 　　　　The purpose of the paper is to identify who the police on patrol stop on the roads. It will also examine the cause of police confrontation with citizens, and how this influences and affects their work. What is more, it will analyze the forces that the police use to arrest the culprits in many cases. It will act as an examination of the importance of officers’ discretion while on patrol. Views on Discretion 　　　　Many people interpret police activities from pre-conceived ideas because they happen away from the citizens' view. The privacy creates a circumstance that allows police officers’ discretion in the way they react and handle citizens that breach the law. The research community tries to investigate the issues that concern the police officers' conduct while responding to citizen's woes and their interaction with them. The gap that exists in... ...oals due to the environment's needs that require rapid response. When they enforce discretion properly, they respond to margin situations in the best way possible. â€Å"However, if they fail to control it, they may infringe the constitutional provisions. Dempsey and Forst (2013) state "one of the ways of controlling discretion, particularly the improper application of discretion is through the establishment of employee early warning systems" (49). Proper discretion is a sure way of restoring sanity in the traffic system owing to its accrued discipline. 　　　　 References Dempsey, J. S, & Forst, L. S. (2008). An Introduction to Policing. Belmont, CA: 　　　　Thomson/Wadsworth. Dempsey, J. S, & Forst, L. S. (2013). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. Miller, S, Blackler, J, & Alexandra, A. (2006). Police Ethics. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & 　　　　Unwin.

“Yi-Yi, a One and a Two” Film Assignment

â€Å"Yi Yi, A One and A Two† is a ?lm that has been talking about three families and their family members’ lives. Interestingly enough, it seems like that family members have been focusing on their own life most of the time through out the movie. Instead of showing closely connected families, the characters in the movie are living their own lives while living under the same roof. One of the examples is that when Min Min decided to move out, she didn’t even talk to NJ about this, and when NJ saw her getting on the bus to the mountains, he didn’t have the attempt to stop her or ask her why.Which is quite unusual to closely connected families. Below are the characters' relationship ?gure and theories applied to explain the events and the relationships I observed in the movie. 1. Bowen’s Family Systems a. Marital Con?ict Xiao-Yian and Adi’s marital con?ict was caused by the presence of Yun-Yun at Xiao-Yian’s party. Yun-Yun’s Adiâ⠂¬â„¢s ex-girlfriend. But it seemed like Xiao-Yian was not playing fair when the three of them were in a love triangle relationship, which worsened the relationship between the girls. Xiao-Yian got pregnant ?rst and kicked Yun-Yun out of the relationship.Since then, both of them had been hostile towards each other. Thus, Yun-Yun’s presence at XiaoYian’s party was de?nitely not something Xiao-Yian would want to see. Which caused Xiao-Yian and Adi’s marital con?ict. Min Min and NJ’s marital con?ict, on the other hand, was caused by grandma’s sudden illness. Min Min felt that all the burdens were on her, and she could not ?nd a way out of the routine work, which made her felt lost and hopeless in her life, eventually she could not take it anymore. But NJ was not doing anything before Min Min shouted all these out.However, it was all too late, Min Min decided to leave instead of staying and face all the complicated troubles. NTU B00610017 Joanne Lin-Ju ng Chiu b. Triangles /Emotional Distance / Emotional Cutoff There exists an emotional distance between Lily and her mother. Lily’s mother had been busy doing her job and spending lots and lots of time with her new boyfriend. And apparently, Lily’s not happy with her mother’s new boyfriend. Upon feeling neglected and feeling like an outsider, Lily acted like an outsider. Thus caused an emotional distance between Lily and her mother.As the distance kept growing and growing, Lily started to form an emotional cutoff between she and her mother. Instead of repairing the relationship with her mother, she started to rely on her new-formed relationships with Fatty and the other new boyfriend. 2. Brofenbrenner’s Family in Human Development a. Mesosystem Models To both Yang Yang and Ting Ting, they have their school and peer groups as the mesosystems. Take Yang Yang for example, his experience at school (bullied by the girls and humiliated by the teacher) did actual ly affect his behavior at home (i. . sad expression).However, Ting Ting’s mesosystem didn’t seem as much affecting to her life and behavior as Yang Yang’s in the movie. b. Exosystem Models Min Min and NJ both have their world of work and the neighbors as their exosystems. Min Min’s colleagues told her to go to the mountains so that she can escape from the dull life she had. Her colleagues was some sort of emotional support at the time. Also, the neighbors discussed with Min Min about the new neighbor’s private life.The neighbors were another emotional support and practical support when grandma fell ill. NJ met Ota at work, who led him to think deeply into life and human’s fear. This also gave him some support when NJ was facing his ex-lover and his current family. c. Chronosystem Models There are several transitions that can be found in the ?lm: Normative: Xiao-Yian and Adi’s marriage was obviously a normative transition. They got mar ried, shared their lives together. Ting Ting’s got a new boyfriend (though it only last for a very short time) indeed was a normative transition.But it seemed more like a normative transition to her own instead of to the whole family in the movie, the others weren’t aware of Ting Ting’s romantic relationship. NTU B00610017 Joanne Lin-Jung Chiu Non-normative: Grandma’s coma was a non-normative transition, which made Ting Ting felt worried and guilty, made Min Min stressed and helpless and made the family fell out of balance and soon fell apart. Min Min’s moving into the mountains was another non-normative transition. Min Min has always been the one whose been making a lot of effort to keep the family functioning.However, when grandma fell ill, the stress, fear and anxiety that fell upon her was far beyond the amount that she could handle. And thus she listened to her colleague’s advice and moved into the mountains. After she moved into the mo untains, the family looked unaffected because most of them were focusing on their own life. But, that was just how it seemed, the family was actually falling apart (not physically, emotionally instead). 3. Mating Preferences Women exhibit a stronger preference to the men with more ambition, social status, ?nancial wealth and desire for children and a commitment to family.That’s why Adi kept boasting how much money he has or earned, broadcasting what his ambition in work was and saying what he’s been doing at work made him a socially dominant man through out the entire ?lm, he wanted to be popular among women. On the other hand, men exhibit a stronger preference to the women with more features of youthfulness, health, physical attractiveness and attributes that indicates reproductive potential. This explains why Lily and Ting Ting both wore shorter skirts and shorts when dating with a guy —– that showed more youthfulness and are probably physically more at tractive to men.And this also explains why Adi chose Xiao-Yian over Yun Yun, Xiao-Yian was apparently more youthful and physically attractive than Yun Yun. 4. 9 Constraining Beliefs about Mate Selection (Larson, 1992) a. Try Harder Ting Ting fell into this constraining belief when she was trying to convince Fatty to have sex with her in order to show his love to her. Love isn’t something that can be improved only through hard work. b. FInding a New Love Should Be Easy Lily kept dating new boys and dumping the old ones.I think it could be that she did not think ?nding a love is something difficult or serious. However, love isn’t something that can be turned on and off like a switch of the light bulb. NTU B00610017 Joanne Lin-Jung Chiu 5. Marital Processes in Context a. Microcontext: Life stressors & Transitions Adi tried to commit a suicide at home but failed, this traumatic event strengthened marital ties for Xiao-Yian and him. Xiao-Yian and Adi were ?ghting all the ti me for many reasons such as Yun Yun’s presence, Adi’s living habits and money. But after Adi’s attempt to suicide, Xiao-Yian tarted to realize how much she needed him, and thus strengthened their marital ties. Grandma’s death also strengthened Min Min and NJ’s marital ties eventually. Soon after grandma’s gone, Min Min went back home from the mountains and realized how much she needed her family and that life was not as difficult as it seemed like. NJ went back from Japan and learned a lot from Ota. They started to face the events coming to them together. Their marriage ties strengthened, the family was united again emotionally. b. Microcontext: Children Adi and NJ’s children both stabilized their marriage.NJ was struggling between Min Min and his ?rst love Sherry after he met her again at Adi’s wedding banquet after 30 years. Sherry was trying so hard to convince NJ to start a new life with her. But after a second thought, he decided to stay with his family instead of going off with Sherry. I think apart from what he said in the movie (â€Å"I would make the same decision if I have the chance to live twice†), Yang Yang and Ting Ting should be one of the main reasons why NJ chose to stay. Adi was not over with Yun Yun like what he had said to NJ and Xiao-Yian at all.They still have sexual relationship and ?nancial partnership after they broke up. The main reason why Adi married Xiao-Yian instead of Yun Yun should be XiaoYian’s pregnancy, which is quite obvious. And the newborn baby became a strong bond that ties Adi to Xiao-Yian somehow. Adi took video tapes for the baby and they took the baby with them when they visited NJ, all these showed that because of the baby, Adi began to make more effort in the family and the baby became something that Adi and Xiao-Yian shared. The baby surely stabilized their marriage in some ways. . Parenting Styles The parenting style in Lily’s family coul d be Uninvolved Style. Thus Lily showed moody, impulsive and alienated characteristics. In the movie, Lily’s mother spend most of her time with her boyfriend. Lily’s mother chose to give Lily money and ask her to watch a movie with Ting Ting and spend time with her boyfriend at home instead of going to the movie with her daughter. The parenting style in Ting Ting’s family, however, is more like Authoritative Style. We could see that Yang Yang is a friendly and explorative child, while TingNTU B00610017 Joanne Lin-Jung Chiu Ting is independent and optimistic. NJ always shows an positive attitude towards Yang Yang’s questions and problems. For example, when Yang Yang was asking NJ questions like â€Å"what people see and what people cannot see? †, NJ didn’t show any negative expressions, instead, he answered each questions Yang Yang asked patiently. NJ also taught Yang Yang rules. When Yang Yang was being impolite by staring at the neighbor in sunglasses, NJ told him not to do so and explained why it’s wrong to do that after they got to the parking lot.

Why Do People Work

Why do people work? Think about the reading and your own knowledge of human nature. In his essay â€Å"Work and Labour† Igor Shchegolev referred to Daniel Yankelovich’s three conceptions of work (described in â€Å"The Work Ethic Is Underemployed†). â€Å"First, as labour, as a way to exist; second, as a way to improve one’s level of life; and third, as a moral necessity†, paraphrased Igor. These conceptions closely resonate with an ancient orthodox perception of three stages Christian might act in: stages of a slave, an employee, and a son towards his father. Although, at first glance, the question â€Å"Why do people work? may sound as a rhetorical one, there is possible to formulate three main motivations – on a base of both mentioned above theories. There are vital necessity, stimulus for reward, and nonmaterial reasons: moral duty or passion. The first motive does not leave people another choice. â€Å"One who is not working – i s not allowed to eat†, teaches an old Slavonic proverb, appealing to the vital necessity of work. Tireless Ant of Aesop's Fable â€Å"The Ant and the Grasshopper† sees no other ways for himself as the only hard work. There is the only way to survive. He has to. He does.The majority of people on earth follow him in the same way, let alone those struggling to make both ends meet all the time. Besides, in modern society where consumption is highly valued it happens that it is workers’ dependence on purchases what â€Å"determines how much work they do† (according to â€Å"Working too hard†, The Press). Regardless of the variety of necessities, those people alike the slaves who have no alternatives. Another reason why people work is to obtain benefits, which may vary from person to person. Generally, people in this group might focus on calculation any possible profit from work they do.There may be the steps of career or certain earnings, or tax rates. W hatever the motive, it aims to conform to employee’s expectations, so these interests are self-centred. Such workers tend to always think they contribute enough; therefore, to be rewarded is one of the privileges of theirs. Similarly, some Christians perform a definite behaviour in theirs life, waiting on the bounty. In this case they are alike the employees of kind the described group. People depicted in both paragraphs make all their efforts in order to achieve personal premium. They work to live.Finally, the last group of incentives to work represents the immaterial qualities that people possess. â€Å"Life is given to us for doing good deeds†, teaches us folk wisdom. For some of the people all of the time there is no question why to work; they are convinced – for the good of the commonwealth. A feeling of a moral duty inspires them. In the history of USSR there were great examples of altruistic work: people were eager to move into extremely remote places of the country in order to break new ground. They were full of endeavour and enthusiasm to secure the future of new generations.At the same time, there is a type of people who work because they are devoted to it – their passion. They may continue to work in their spare time as well, being absolutely satisfied. These people sacrifice their heart and soul. They live to work. To sum up, there is diversity of reasons that prompt people to work and it is entirely possible that they can be intermixed in each particular case. However, alike in an organism every part is vital, all kind of workers are essential in our society as well. There is for the purpose of bringing good balance into its existence.

Patrick Henry’s Famous 1775 Speech “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death!”

Patrick Henry respectably introduced his views on what action to take in regards of the conflict going on with Britain. Therefore, this would include preparing for war if they do not meet the colonists demands. He builds upon many rhetorical devices such as ethos by expressing his religious Christian passion. Patrick Henry’s influential style contributed to ending the British crowns exploitation of the thirteen colonies. Henry's subject moreover was to raise a militia, and to put Virginia in a posture of defense.In addition, other rhetorical devices that Patrick demonstrates within his speech include the strategy of appealing to logos and pathos when stating if Virginia did not join the revolution they would have failed. As well as Patrick Henry uses allusion, metaphors, and imagery to provide his audience with the horrid images. He applies to rhetorical questions to appeal to authority and emphasize to stop being law abiding citizens.Patrick Henry begins his eminent speech wi th an apology and a very respectable tone towards the president. He convinces his audience by speaking his feelings. He applies to ethos to connect with his own ethical and moral beliefs. For instance, in paragraph 2 of his speech he declares â€Å"I should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an act of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings.† This quote appeals to rhetorical ethos. He speaks of the majesty of heaven as the quality of God. He cannot hold back his heart in such that he must be honest. It also shows how God seems more important than the â€Å"earthly kings† as stated.He finds relevance in ethos throughout his speech to give voice and meaning and make connections to his audience. Furthermore, he speaks of church and the name of God, the supreme creator of the universe. Mr. Henry does not preach however, but he shows a biblical allusion as in paragraph 2: â€Å"It is only this way that we can hope to arrive at truth and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country.† Patrick Henry emphasized that the British cannot be stopped by pure human strength; you must receive assistance from God and work together as a unified nation to stop the evil that has come within.He represents God  to express strong feelings and emphasize the representation towards him. He is used as an object of worship, and is told to support us and aid us through this hardship. The colonists fit in because they were motivated to fight in the war, to make revolutionaries out of the colonists. There were introduced to wake up the 13 colonies and not remain slaves of England. There were frightening, but they won't be dazzled by the mothercountry, slave traders and owners. Moreover, Henry’s tone was very eloquent and he states his sentiments straight forward. In paragraph 8, he says â€Å"Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power.† He is being noble and mentioning God because he feels the utmost reality of our originator and that he is extremely important.Patrick Henry shows the worship and value towards him. Consequently, he states that they are mighty and strong and the fact that God has guided them and paved the way. Henry convinces his countrymen to come forth and stand against these beasts. Specifically, Patrick himself also describes â€Å"cannibalistic brutality of King George and the British Monarchy.† This is a metaphor because he is comparing their very barbaric characteristics. They are attacking their own people; however he does not literally mean eating the flesh off of the people’s skin. But also this metaphor describes the laws the British had and how they decided to let US take everything from the colonies.For instance, there were widespread beatings in the midst of this and soldiers were taking over homes, leaving but nothing for the farme rs. Meanwhile there was sexual assault going on towards women and no punishment was being enforced. When Henry proclaimed the allusion and further metaphorical references in his speech he shocks the colonial brethren. â€Å"We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts.† Specifically, he meant the British were giving the colonies false hope to lure men to their deaths, as the sirens in the Odyssey. In particular, their alluring expectation and fulfillment caught their attention.Henry engages allusion and metaphor as a rhetorical device once again saying â€Å"I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience.† This lamp is the fire that guides mankind through darkness and seeks our way. He rose and sacrificed his life. This is the enlightenment to man and how he saves mankind to give freedom to the colonies. A promethean is Zeus’s slave; however he fr eed the  humans and did well on our part. Henry says also â€Å"Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss.†Christ was betrayed by Judas and this shows how they made America feel as if they are privileged. This is the positive reception of the colonists’ petition. Not only has it fooled the colonists into thinking the British care for them when truly they will betray the colonists leading them back into slavery. The colonists’ demands were met with an insidious smile, because the British are misleading. The deceptive nature of the British angers the colonists’ because they are being fed false hope.Additionally, Patrick Henry uses anaphora in his speech throughout paragraph 6 in the repetition of certain words to further their understanding. This includes â€Å"Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subjec t up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Patrick Henry states â€Å"we† repeatedly. He is on the same side as his audience and he identifies with them. He appeals to logos as well in showing his ideas and thoughts.Likewise, all the actions the colonies have taken; there is no room for any other peaceful attempts to mediate conflict. On the other hand, he emphasizes the situation and appeals to pathos in the form of false hope. In paragraph 8 Henry depicted â€Å"Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance, by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot?† the rhetorical device being ref erred to is imagery, and he appeals to authority. Nevertheless, the colonies are seen as a weak power, lying in a coffin. If you are lying in a coffin you have no further strength. He gives God credit for any good that occurs, because God is noble. Otherwise, he describes lying back and grasping no form of home because there was no type for them.Their enemies will take over easily, and captivate them. In paragraph 9 Patrick positions â€Å"There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it,  sir, let it come.† In this quote values onomatopoeia because he describes the clanking as sound being made in the reference to slaves. The horrid images that you can see as he states this is a reflection and the conflict is reality. He believes the colonies will essentially become prisoners under British control. He says the war is foreseeable and he is ready fo r it, let it come.In summation, Patrick Henry says â€Å"give me liberty or give me death!† You can finally see the parallelism in the fact of the matter. It’s either life to the fullest over everything, or death in nothing in between. One or the other are bound to occur and no compromise is possible. Patrick connects slavery to death. He conditions that under the circumstance they remain less than British rule, death will occur. And it is death that is all because there is no limbo. It’s giving it your all or giving worth nothing. This is what matters in the end, freedom, independence, and liberation over everything.

Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic Essay

Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic - Essay Example (Argument Rhetorical Mode, Draft Research Essay) Shawanna Moore American Intercontinental University Professor Judi Mobley ENG 105 Abstinence Offers New 2 Abstinence Offers New Hope for Teenage Sexual Epidemic Jennifer Davis's mother picked her up early from school, and they rush to make it to Jennifer's gynecology appointment on time. In the examination room, as the doctor approaches them, her mother's fears are confirmed. Jennifer has a STD. Jennifer thinks out loud, "How could this ever be any worse" The Doctor looks at Jennifer and solemnly announces that she is also six weeks pregnant. Jennifer stares at the floor as her mother wrings her hands, sore from arthritis and tired from the work it takes to be a single mom. These types of situations can happen at anytime. By creating well-rounded, highly effective abstinence programs, educators have succeeded in reducing teen pregnancy rates and lowering the incidence of STDs. This scene is tragically played out countless times daily in every corner of the country. Jennifer did not mean to get pregnant, and she tried to avoid it. It was "just an accident". She practiced the "safe" methods that she was taught in her sex education class. Unfortunately for Jennifer, there was one method that was not covered in her class, which was the method of abstinence. Though sex education classes often fail to adequately cover it, abstinence has experienced an upsurge in popularity with students, educators, and schools. By itself, abstinence is a difficult challenge to any teenager's raging hormones, but when used as part of a larger program package it has been... " The Doctor looks at Jennifer and solemnly announces that she is also six weeks pregnant. Jennifer stares at the floor as her mother wrings her hands, sore from arthritis and tired from the work it takes to be a single mom. These types of situations can happen at anytime. By creating well-rounded, highly effective abstinence programs, educators have succeeded in reducing teen pregnancy rates and lowering the incidence of STDs. This scene is tragically played out countless times daily in every corner of the country. Jennifer did not mean to get pregnant, and she tried to avoid it. It was "just an accident". She practiced the "safe" methods that she was taught in her sex education class. Unfortunately for Jennifer, there was one method that was not covered in her class, which was the method of abstinence. Though sex education classes often fail to adequately cover it, abstinence has experienced an upsurge in popularity with students, educators, and schools. By itself, abstinence is a difficult challenge to any teenager's raging hormones, but when used as part of a larger program package it has been met with considerable success. Everyone should agree that we need to reduce the epidemic levels of STDs and unwanted pregnancies among our teenagers. Likewise, no one can make the argument that abstinence is not the world's most effective method of birth control.

World monetary system and the role of IMF Term Paper

World monetary system and the role of IMF - Term Paper Example Also, there are resentments about the IMF’s interferences in the internal economic policies of the countries in matters related to opening up of industries to globalization, privatization of public sector companies, fiscal discipline, abolition of subsidies for narrowing down the budget deficits and reform processes. This paper seeks to review the role of IMF in world monetary system and the relevance of their policies under current developments in international economy. Since world monetary system is linked to world economy, the analysis covers its impact on world economy and the adequacy of the system to deal with the emerging challenges in relation to its objectives. Introduction â€Å"The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.† (IMF) In the backdrop of increasing globalization drive in various countries, technological developments, advent of internet and mobile telephony, the international trade has undergone significant changes over years.... The adequacy of the international monetary system in dealing with these ground level changes has to be revisited with a view to realign scope of functioning of the IMF in tune with developments in world economy. Review of literature IMF extends credit facilities to the countries with a view to ensure stability and balanced economic growth among the world countries. The gold-standard system adopted at Bretton Woods Conference in 1914 with the aim of encouraging economic discipline through sound economic policies has failed. Devaluation of currencies after World War - I by many countries to make their exports competitive in the world markets and trade restrictions to protect their domestic economies have severely affected global economic growth. In order to prevent collapse of global economic system and provide monetary order, proposal for setting up of International Monetary Fund and a World Bank for Reconstruction and Development were mooted in the Bretton Woods in 1944. The US with huge gold reserves and with infrastructure not damaged by war had to play a crucial role in the IMF with the primary aim of providing credit to the countries with deficit in Balance of payments. However, the credit facilities were subject to conditions with regard to revamping of the economic policies of the countries to ensure stability and avoid any crisis in the future. The system of fixed exchange rates at par value of the currencies fixed in terms of dollar or gold worked well for some time, but defending the par values became increasingly difficult for countries. Currently, floating exchange rates governed by demand and supply are predominantly in force. IMF has played a pivotal role in

Third Estate Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third Estate Paper - Essay Example The first estate comprised religious leaders and the clergy who were the smallest minority, but wielded a great deal of powers and influence in the country. The clergy is known to have owned up to one fifth of the land in France, and had great influence on the monarch. These were exempted from paying taxes and were assigned a number of workers in the churches. The second estate was the ruling class who had immense control and effect upon the third estate and worked to ensure that the rights of members of the third estate were infringed upon to avoid any form of opposition. Because of the unfair treatment members of the third estate received from the first and second estates, there arose revolutionists among them and through the works of the likes of Sieyes, they revolted against the political system, bringing the caste system down, leading to the declaration of human rights, and since the a just and fair society. 2.0. Discussion. The events elaborated in this paper took place before the French revolution in the years preceding 1788. The political situation at this time was dominated by the first and second classes, which were the Catholic Church and the monarch respectively. The knowledge prevailing at this time was that the clergy and nobility were ordained by God and that no one had the right to question whatever they did as they were ‘holy’ and only answerable to God. Noble authority was guided by four characteristics: that it was holy, paternal, absolute, and ruled with a reason. It was, then to be revered by everyone (Hibbert 283). This was the period preceding the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Catholic Church. The church was so influential that the papacy dictated every aspect of human life including ethical, moral, religious, and political organization of the society. The church, therefore, grew alongside secular powers, with the two depending on each other mutually for their existence. The persons of this time were largely cl assified into three groups: those who fought (the nobility), those who prayed (the church), and those who labored (the peasantry). The greatest concern for the three groups was power and influence. The church and nobility attained this by instilling ideologies of fear among the third estate that they were a special select by God and that serving them amounted to serving God. For a long tie, they managed to scare the people of the lower class until the time of the Investiture Controversy that saw the second class question the powers and authority of the church. They overthrew the church and took its place in the first estate. The third class, o the other hand, was busy looking for ways it could overthrow the nobility to form a nation of their own where there would be equality among all (Bienvenu 351). In the late 16th century, relations between the king and Estate Generals began to deteriorate, leading to the epoch events where Estate Generals began to break off form the main kingdom power. These further led to the onset of the French Revolution characterized by weeks and months of civil unrest, especially by members of the third estate. The revolution was brought to an end after the first and second estates agreed to include representatives from the third estate in the governing body and reforms